（三等奖作品）

Translate the following passage into Chinese.

In Illness as Metaphors, Susan Sontag traced the influence of metaphors associated with diseases —tuberculosis and cancer, in particular — and how they were applied to sick people so relentlessly that they sometimes obscured the nature of the illnesses. It was said, at the turn of the last century, that people contracted TB due to “too much passion,” whereas, half a century later, people were said to get cancer due to psychological repression or “insufficient passion.” Sontag wrote, “My point is that illness is not a metaphor, and that the most truthful way of regarding illness —and the healthiest way of being ill — is one most purified of, most resistant to, metaphoric thinking.” From 1989, she brought the same conviction to the AIDS epidemic, showing how, as the dominant metaphors had it, people became ill because the disease was a divine punishment. She concluded, “With this illness, one that elicits so much guilt and shame, the effort to detach it from loaded meanings and misleading metaphors seems particularly liberating, even consoling,” Sontag’s word suggests that metaphors of illness are malign in a double way: they cast opprobrium on sick people and they hinder the rational and scientific apprehension that is needed to contain disease and provide care for people. To treat illness as a metaphor is to avoid or delay or even thwart the treatment of literal illness. Our own situation is different, but not unrelated. Our disinclination to see viruses as literal may have kept us from insisting on and observing the standards and practices that would prevent their spread. Enthralled with virus as metaphor and the terms associated with it — we ceased to be vigilant. Jetting around the world, we stopped washing our hands.

在《疾病的隐喻》这一书中，苏珊·桑塔格描绘了疾病有关的隐喻的影响，尤其是肺结核和癌症——以及病人染上这些病是非常残酷的，以至于有时候人们对疾病的本质很模糊。据说，在上世纪之交，人们因为“有太多的激情”而染上了肺结核，然而在半个世纪之后，人们得知患癌症是因为心里压抑或者“缺少激情”。桑塔格在书中写到：“我认为是疾病不是一个隐喻，要想以最真实的方式看待疾病，以最健康的方式生病，最重要的就是抵制并且摒弃疾病是一个隐喻的观念。”从1989年开始，对于艾滋病，她有着同样的定论，正如占据主导地位的隐喻所描述的那样，人们生病是因为疾病是上帝对人类的惩罚。她概括到：“对于这种引出很多愧疚和羞耻的疾病，努力将它从繁文缛节和误导性的隐喻中分离出来看上去是一种特别地解放，甚至是一种安慰。”桑塔格的语言表明疾病的隐喻是具有双重恶意的：它们让病人感到耻辱，并且阻碍了防止疾病恶化和为人们提供护理所需要的合理科学的理解。将疾病视为一种隐喻是为了推迟、躲避甚至是反对治疗字面意思上的疾病。我们个人情况不同，但不是没有联系。我们不愿把病毒理解为字面意义上的病毒，这可能会使我们无法坚持并遵守防止病毒传播的标准和做法。病毒为一种隐喻还有与它相关的一些术语使我们着迷，我们便放松了警惕。坐飞机环游世界的时候，我们便不再洗手。