（二等奖作品）

Translate the following passage into Chinese.

In Illness as Metaphors, Susan Sontag traced the influence of metaphors associated with diseases —tuberculosis and cancer, in particular — and how they were applied to sick people so relentlessly that they sometimes obscured the nature of the illnesses. It was said, at the turn of the last century, that people contracted TB due to “too much passion,” whereas, half a century later, people were said to get cancer due to psychological repression or “insufficient passion.” Sontag wrote, “My point is that illness is not a metaphor, and that the most truthful way of regarding illness —and the healthiest way of being ill — is one most purified of, most resistant to, metaphoric thinking.” From 1989, she brought the same conviction to the AIDS epidemic, showing how, as the dominant metaphors had it, people became ill because the disease was a divine punishment. She concluded, “With this illness, one that elicits so much guilt and shame, the effort to detach it from loaded meanings and misleading metaphors seems particularly liberating, even consoling,” Sontag’s word suggests that metaphors of illness are malign in a double way: they cast opprobrium on sick people and they hinder the rational and scientific apprehension that is needed to contain disease and provide care for people. To treat illness as a metaphor is to avoid or delay or even thwart the treatment of literal illness. Our own situation is different, but not unrelated. Our disinclination to see viruses as literal may have kept us from insisting on and observing the standards and practices that would prevent their spread. Enthralled with virus as metaphor and the terms associated with it — we ceased to be vigilant. Jetting around the world, we stopped washing our hands.

在《疾病的隐喻》一书中，苏珊·桑塔格追溯了与疾病有关的隐喻产生的影响（尤其是肺结核和癌症），以及这些隐喻带给患者的沉重打击，有时它们甚至掩盖了疾病的本质。上世纪初，据说人们因“太过热情”而感染了肺结核；然而，半个世纪后，人们又因精神压抑或“不够热情”而患上癌症。桑塔格写道，“我认为，疾病不是隐喻，对待疾病最真实、同时对患者来说最健康的方式，是完全摒除隐喻思维， 是尽可能消除或抵制隐喻性思考。” 自1989年起，她用同样的理念来诠释艾滋病这一流行病。关于艾滋病的隐喻，主流观点是罹患该病是遭到了上天的惩罚。她总结道“得了这种病会让人深感内疚、羞愧难言。如果疾病本身并没有被赋予其它意义或者能够脱离这些令人误解的隐喻，似乎更能够使人如释重负，甚至觉得百般欣慰。”桑塔格表明, 疾病的隐喻会造成两种危害：一是侮辱了病人，二是阻碍了人们对疾病的理性思考和科学理解，而这恰恰是控制病情和照顾患者所需要的。疾病的隐喻化会导致患者逃避、延误甚至妨碍疾病的治疗。情况会因人而异，但并非毫无关联。如果不顾病毒的客观真实性，我们可能无法坚守和遵循应有的准则，采取相关的措施，以避免病毒的传播。执着于用隐喻描述病毒和相关术语，蒙蔽了我们的双眼，使我们丧失了警惕。乘飞机环游世界时，我们不再洗手来防控病毒。